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A domain name is an alphanumeric representation of a normal internet (IP) address. i.e. www.webspeed.com.au

From Wikipedia:
The most basic functionality of a domain name is to provide symbolic representations, i.e., recognizable names, to mostly numerically addressed Internet resources. By allowing the use of unique alphabetical addresses instead of numeric ones, domain names allow Internet users to more easily find and communicate with web sites and any other IP-based communications services.

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A web host is an internet service provider that specializes in providing the hardware and software required to host a web site. Host machines are responsible for serving web pages to users on the internet and require a lot more 'grunt' than most average computers.

From Wikipedia:
A web hosting service is a type of Internet hosting service that allows individuals and organizations to provide their own website accessible via the World Wide Web. Web hosts are companies that provide space on a server they own for use by their clients as well as providing Internet connectivity, typically in a data center.

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An Intranet is a private network that commonly provides services such as an internal web site, email and file server. These services are usually hosted on a server machine located on site at the place of business.

From Wikipedia:
An intranet is a private computer network that uses Internet technologies to securely share any part of an organization's information or operational systems with its employees. Sometimes the term refers only to the organization's internal website, but often it is a more extensive part of the organization's computer infrastructure and private websites are an important component and focal point of internal communication and collaboration.